Topic 2: Programming Languages. Part 2

Classification of programming languages
    There are different classifications of programming languages. According to the most common of them all programming languages are divided into low and high language level.
    Languages machine instructions (codes) of the computer model, which are perceived by him directly, are called low-level languages or machine languages.

    The group of programming languages are low:

• microinstructions language that specifies the simplest transfer data between RAM and processor among the most processor registers;
• machine language, each team which is described by a sequence of microinstructions;
• assembler - the language of symbolic coding.

    The first two languages badly configured for human use, as their team set a sequence of zeros and ones. Operators of assembly - these are the same machine instructions, but they are symbolic (mnemonic) names as well as the operands are used not address specific memory cells, and their names. All programming languages are oriented low level for a certain type of computers and in this sense specialized for them.
    High-level programming languages are called languages in which programs are composed of operators. For all high-level languages common is that they focus not on the system of commands of a computer, and the total system operators that are specific to record a class of algorithms. Typical examples of such operators like assignment operators can be, conditional operators, operators cycles. Before the computer execute a program written in the language level, need to translate it into machine language that corresponds to this type of computer. This specially designed program - translators. Programming languages Basic, Pascal and C are called high-level programming languages, because their designs as close to normal spoken languages and is very convenient and understandable person.
    Classification of programming languages considered belong to the traditional in its underlying expressive power of language. However, there are classification and other characteristics. One of them - a classification according to which programming languages are divided into computational and logical. Most programming languages have computational, and by logical languages include Lisp and Prolog.
    Lisp language created in 1965 by American Professor John McCarthy for the study of Artificial Intelligence and became the basis for a number of software implementations of intelligent systems. Prologue - a European language, which is based on a logical calculus. It developed A. Kolmerauer in 1972 in Marseille university.
There is also an "applied" classification of programming languages. According to this classification, all programming languages are divided into groups of applications.